Proctored Anatomy & Physiology II Final  Cardiovascular, Sensory, and Endocrine Systems (Spring 2025)

Proctored Anatomy & Physiology II Final Cardiovascular, Sensory, and Endocrine Systems (Spring 2025)

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  • Equilibrium & vestibular physiology
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Question 40 

If the aorta and pulmonary trunk were switched, oxygen rich blood would be pumped from the left ventricle to the lungs. 

A True 

B False 

If the aorta and pulmonary trunk were switched, oxygen rich blood would be pumped 

(A) True 

B False 

Last saved 7:43:53 PM 

In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the 

A B) lateral geniculate body 

B C) primary visual cortex 

D) optic chiasma 

DA) medial retina 

The receptor for static equilibrium is the 

A B) macula 

BA) semicircular canals 

(C) C) utricle 

(D) D) cochlear duct 

240 

Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by 

A A) substances in solution 

(B) D) movement of a cupula 

B) stretching of the receptor cells 

(D) C) the movement of otoliths 

What is the main function of the rods in the eye? 

A D) accommodation for near vision 

B B) color vision 

CC) vision in dim light 

D A) depth perception 

What is the difference between the auricles and the atria? 

Use the editor to format your answer 

Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it? 

A B) sour-acids 

BA) sweet-organic substances such as sugar and some lead salts 

C) salty-metal ions 

(D) D) bitter-alkaloids 

EE) umami-triglycerides and fatty acids 

Steroid hormones exert their action by 

A B) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity 

BC) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA 

A) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene 

D D) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones 

Which of the following is true about photoreceptors? 

A C) Three types of color-sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow. 

BA) Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision. 

B) In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis. 

(D) D) If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the color perceived is black. 

Question 37 

Dark adaptation 

(A) D) involves accumulation of rhodopsin 

BB) results in inhibition of rod function 

CA) is much faster than light adaptation 

DC) primarily involves improvement of acuity and color vision 

Natural killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis. 

A True 

B False 

Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle. 

A True 

B False 

Virus infected cells secrete interferons to “warn” other cells of the presence of virus and deny entry to them. 

A True 

B False 

Match the following: 

A) Memory cell 

B) B cell 

C) T helper cell 

D) Cytotoxic T cell 

E) Regulatory T cell 

Prompts 

Answers 

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen. 

Select match 

Absence results in no immune response. 

Forms antibody-producing cells. 

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells. 

5 Slows or stops the immune response. 

с 

Select Matcm 

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. 

A True 

(B) False 

B cells must accomplish double recognition: they must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated. 

A True 

B) False 

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because 

A B) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene 

BA) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers 

D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit 

C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers 

Prompts 

Answers 

Select match 

Protects and shapes the eyeball; provides a 

sturdy anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles. 

Blood vessels supply nutrition to all eye layers. 

Contains only cones; provides detailed color 

vision. 

Lacks photoreceptors; where optic nerve exits the eye. 

Select match 

Consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer. 

Question 29 

Using Figure “Eye 2” below, match the following: 

Prompts 

Produces the hormones that promote the 

Answers 

Select match 

development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. 

(2

Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain. 

3 Produces the hormones that direct the 

production of the secondary male sex characteristics. 

Produce steroid hormones and 

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. 

(5 

Select match 

Produces hormones and is considered a 

neuroendocrine organ. 

5 Points 

Using Figure “Endocrine Organs”, match the following: 

The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are 

AC) fungiform papillae 

B B) gustatory hairs 

CD) taste buds 

(D) A) basal cells 

Question 26 

Select the correct statement about equilibrium. 

(A

2 Points 

A) The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae is responsible for static equilibrium. 

BC) Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate of impulse transmission. 

CD) Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues at a constant rate. 

DB) Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration. 

Continue 

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? 

(

D) T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens. 

A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. 

C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters 

with antigens occur. 

B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. 

Produces a hormone that controls blood 

Select match 

levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue. 

Select match 

Produces the body’s major metabolic hormones. 

Match the following: 

A) Hypophysis 

B) Pancreas 

C) Thyroid 

D) Parathyroid 

E) Adrenal medulla 

Prompts 

Answers 

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands. 

Select match 

2 The gland that controls the fight-or-flight 

reaction. 

3 Produces hormones that regulate glucose 

levels in the body. 

Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their 

Question 23 

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because 

A A) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release 

B B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional 

D) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release 

DC) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location 

Question 22 

What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? 

A A) aqueous humor 

(B) D) iris 

CC) cornea 

(D) B) lens 

2 Points 

The “lub” sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart’s pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves. 

A True 

B False 

Question 20 

ACTH 

AC) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla 

BA) is secreted by the posterior pituitary 

D) is not a tropic hormone 

D B) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone 

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The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right. 

A True 

B) False 

Question 18 

Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used? 

Use the editor to format your answer 

Receptors for hearing are located in the 

A A) cochlea 

B B) semicircular canals 

C) tympanic membrane 

(D) D) vestibule 

Light passes through the following structures in which order? 

A D) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor 

(B) A) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea 

B) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor 

D C) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor 

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is 

A D) renin 

B C) angiotensinogen 

CB) epinephrine 

(D) A) estrogen 

Perforins form complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allow the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell. 

(A) True 

(B) False 

Question 13 

Antibodies typically act extracellularly in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity. 

A True 

B False 

Motion sickness seems to 

A C) result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem 

BA) respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins 

B) respond best to medication that “boosts” vestibular inputs 

DD) result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs 

2 Points 

The heart is called a “double pump” because there are two functionally separate circulations. Trace the pathway of each of these circulations and include the following information: heart chambers involved, major blood vessels involved, and general areas through which the blood flows. Begin with the right atrium. 

The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is 

Question 9 

Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear? 

A B) external acoustic meatus 

B D) pharyngotympanic tube 

C) tympanic membrane 

DA) pinna 

Aldosterone 

A C) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood 

BA) is secreted by the neurohypophysis 

B) functions to increase sodium reabsorption 

D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH 

Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors? 

A A) In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic. 

B C) Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes. 

D) All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation. 

B) The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli. 

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of 

A A) aldosterone 

BC) secretin 

B) insulin 

(D) D) cortisol 

The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the 

A B) superior oblique 

BD) medial rectus 

C) inferior oblique 

DA) lateral rectus 

Question 4 

The blind spot of the eye is where, 

AA) more rods than cones are found 

BC) only cones occur 

D) the optic nerve leaves the eye 

DB) the macula lutea is located 
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